Category: Sober living

Say you don’t have any cravings when you go without drinking. All the same, “a quick drink” often turns into three or four drinks. When you’re having a good time, you find it hard to stop, especially in the company of friends having the same amount. To stop drinking alcohol, you first need to understand your relationship with drinking.

• We’ll also take a look at what you can do to stop bladder leaks after drinking alcohol.
• He says that the thinking has evolved, and that the field of psychiatry recognizes there’s a spectrum.
• You have few if any interests or social involvements that don’t revolve around drinking.
• The urge to drink will inevitably come—so make a plan for it.
• Please donate today to help us save, support, and change lives.

Researchers have found, for example, that people differ in how their bodies metabolize alcohol. Since our biological make up is determined at birth, there is some truth in the idea that we have certain traits that make us more (or less) vulnerable to the effects of alcohol. Your ongoing recovery depends on continuing mental health treatment, learning healthier coping strategies, and making better decisions when dealing with life’s challenges.

What causes alcohol-related disorders?

In some people, the initial reaction may feel like an increase in energy. But as you continue to drink, you become drowsy and have less control over your actions. Alcohol use disorder can include periods of being drunk (alcohol intoxication) and symptoms of withdrawal. If you can provide evidence that your spouse exhibits some of these behaviors, it may help make your case that he needs professional help to stop or slow down his drinking.

Enjoying alcohol socially in reasonable amounts can boost your mood and help you bond with others. But if you drink alone, or down multiple drinks a day, it could turn into an unhealthy habit. If you can’t control it, it may lead to a condition called alcohol use disorder. Giving up drinking may let you focus on your relationships, work, and health.

Myth #1 – I don’t drink every day, but when I do I can’t stop. Still, I’m not an alcoholic.

If someone who drinks heavily tries but fails to stop or slow down, it could indicate that he has this condition, and it may even be moderate or severe. Partners of people struggling with alcohol addiction are in a difficult position. They often suffer as well, and they have the burden why cant i control my drinking of trying to help and facing the decision of what to do if their help isn’t enough. Marcus’s experiences—getting into a fight and struggling with academics—were clearly consequences of his drinking. All by themselves, they would not have qualified him for diagnosis of alcoholism.

Problem drinking has multiple causes, with genetic, physiological, psychological,and social factors all playing a role. For some alcohol abusers, psychological traits such as impulsiveness, low self-esteem and a need for approval prompt inappropriate drinking. Some individuals drink to cope with or “medicate” emotional problems. Social and environmental factors such as peer pressure and the easy availability of alcohol can play key roles.

What causes alcohol use disorder?

If you answered yes to these questions, you likely experience addiction to drinking alcohol, but there are still behaviors and practices you can take on to improve your drinking habits. An addict has almost no control over their desire to engage in the actions repeatedly. Even when alcohol addiction negatively affects your relationships, career, health, and quality of life, someone who is addicted is unable to gain control over and stop drinking for long-term success. Many of these effects are dependent on the amount of alcohol consumed. Someone could have a desirable mood change after a drink or two, but undesirable mood changes with inappropriate or aggressive behaviors with additional drinks.

• Use the NIAAA’s drink size calculator to determine the amount of alcohol in various drinks.
• The sudden lack of alcohol in your system can send your body into withdrawal, resulting in various symptoms.
• But we know you can find a healthier, happier way to live with the right tools and support system.
• There is an international metric called a “standard drink” that considers how much of a type of drink includes 0.6 fluid ounces of pure alcohol.

While alcohol can temporarily alleviate anxiety and stress, it is not a long-term solution. In fact, drinking to cope with stress can https://ecosoberhouse.com/article/15-benefits-of-the-alcohol-free-lifestyle/ make the problem worse in the long run. The belief that alcohol helps us cope with stress is actually a myth perpetuated by society.

Stay with a trusted family member for a period of time while you try to solve the problem. Marcus, nineteen, had done well in high school despite struggling with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He’d avoided alcohol during those years—he’d been warned that his ADHD medication didn’t mix well with liquor—but once he got to college, he began drinking, usually in binges and in the company of friends. It is very possible to have a drinking problem that is not defined or described as “Alcoholic.” Many people use alcohol to deal with stress but do not realize that it exacerbates the problems in their lives. There are techniques and therapies available to help you to lessen your dependence on alcohol and rediscover balance in your life. Millions of readers rely on HelpGuide.org for free, evidence-based resources to understand and navigate mental health challenges.

It also may ease any depression and anxiety and elevate your self-esteem. Many of the effects of drinking every day can be reversed through early intervention but become harder to treat with time. It’s critical to recognize alcohol abuse and treat alcoholism as early as possible to avoid irreversible damage to the brain and body. The risk of developing cancer increases substantially the more alcohol is consumed. This drinking pattern is responsible for the majority of alcohol-attributable breast cancers in women, with
the highest burden observed in countries of the European Union (EU).

Alcohol Alcohol use disorder affects millions of people in the United States. Learn more about the risks and how to get help.Drugs If you or a loved one is struggling with drug abuse, you’re not alone. Learn more about the most commonly misused drugs.Addiction Treatment Going to a rehabilitation program greatly increases your chance of long-term recovery. Learn more about your options.Addiction Resources If you have more questions about addiction, we’ve gathered resources to help you and your loved ones. Emotions like anger, guilt, irritability, and low self-esteem can surface when individuals are triggered, spiraling into various behaviors and compulsions. Unfortunately, the nature of emotional or mental triggers can run very deep and can be traumatizing.

Try to recall the small moments in your day that brought you joy. That simple habit of reflecting on what you’re grateful for can lead to a much happier and more content life. Make a few minutes of your time everyday writing in your gratitude journal of your thoughts for the day.

Mental Health And Addiction

If you are having problems sleeping consider practicinggood sleep hygieneand asking your recovery specialist about non-addictive sleeping medications. Fear or Anxiety– Fear and anxiety can lead to increased stress.Stress in recoveryis especially common, due to the physical and emotional changes that occur. Anxiety in early recovery is normal, but this increased stress may lead to a desire to relapse. Finding new ways of coping with fear or anxiety is very important during recovery and is one of the reasons that professional help during recovery is so necessary. Empty Pill Bottles– For those who were previously addicted to an opiate, relapse triggers may include pill bottles that are reminders of the bottles that opioids come in. Someone who finds that this is a trigger may benefit from placing their prescription medications in a weekly medication planner instead of taking them from traditional medicine bottles.

• Others find success with therapy in addition to self-help groups or other means of support.
• Experiencing strong emotions such as anger, sadness, or joy can also act as a reminder or increase the urge to use.
• The person in recovery will also need to set boundaries for themselves, for places they will not go to or events they won’t attend.
• If you are suffering from, or have a history of trauma or psychiatric illness, it is recommended that you combine these services with treatment from a professional therapist.

Although relapse can be a part of the recovery process for some people, addiction treatment programs and personalized recovery support resources can drastically reduce relapse rates. During the initial phases of your recovery, free time may prompt your mind to wander towards thoughts of using. When you’re bored, you may imagine what a great time you would be having if you used. Banish this temptation by staying as busy as possible—structure your time and fill it with the healthy activities that reflect the abstinent individual you’re becoming. It should not be used in place of the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider.

Identifying Addiction Triggers is Necessary for Recovery

Then, Canyon Vista can help you start on the path to recovery. Our Tactical Recovery program helps our Military, Veterans, and First Responders recover from the pain, struggle, and damage that comes from fighting substance internal and external triggers use disorders. By numbing yourself to that risk through exposure, you may be able to defeat it. You are working on reprogramming your mind to break the association between the experience and the drug itself.

• Then, they can stop the thoughts from going in a negative direction.
• You may want to let your loved ones know what you’re going through and how you plan on coping.
• Every one of our team members is certified to address and effectively treat the issues that come along with addiction.
• However, learning the tools to cope with triggers is possible with the right support.

This mode helps users with ADHD and Neurodevelopmental disorders to read, browse, and focus on the main website elements more easily while significantly reducing distractions. This mode provides different assistive options to help users with cognitive impairments such as Dyslexia, Autism, CVA, and others, to focus on the essential elements of the website more easily. SENSORY TRIGGERS are related to the senses of sight, sound, taste, and touch. They might include certain styles of music or specific songs, or the taste of a drug. For example, powdered sugar or artificial sweetener, which resembles powdered drugs, can be a powerful trigger for people who used cocaine, methamphetamines, or heroin.

Opioid Use Disorder

Often a place may trigger a memory of an event, or smelling something, such as a particular cologne, may trigger your memory of a loved relative. The way that the brain links memories is a powerful tool that is used to help you recall important information, but that may also affect your recovery process. Learn about some common triggers that raise the risk of relapse and how they can be avoided. While many triggers can be negative experiences, it is important to note that positive events can trigger relapsing as well. Our dedicated team of behavioral health technicians and peer recovery support members are passionate and credentialed.

Hydration can reduce dehydration and the resulting headaches and dizziness, Aizenberg says, but doctors aren’t sure whether chugging water before bed will make any difference in the morning. But a pain reliever may be able to lessen aches when you wake up. What’s more, he said, most research into hangover treatments is of very poor quality; how long does a hangover last studies tend to involve small sample sizes. “There are a lot of snake oil salesmen peddling products that just don’t pass muster,” he said. Despite the prevalence of hangovers, there has been little research into developing effective treatments. Of the studies that are available, most are of low quality and remain inconclusive.

Sugary cocktails, along with mixers like cranberry juice and sodas, can also contribute to a bad morning, Ms. Supan said. They initially elevate your blood sugar levels, and then, as those levels drop, you feel fatigued and weak. A hangover is unpleasant, but symptoms tend to go away within a day or so.

MedTerms Medical Dictionary

Dehydration can cause an imbalance of electrolytes, and vomiting and diarrhea can further deplete them in your body. It is not, nor is it intended to be, professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult with a physician or other healthcare professional regarding any medical or health related diagnosis or treatment options. For some people, a single alcoholic beverage is enough to cause a hangover in the morning, while others may be able to indulge more without experiencing symptoms. Because individuals are so different, it is difficult to predict how many drinks will cause a hangover.

The main form of alcohol in alcoholic beverages is ethanol, but the darker liquors contain chemically related compounds (congeners), including methanol. According to Dr. Swift’s review paper, the same enzymes process ethanol and methanol, but methanol metabolites are especially toxic, so they may cause a worse hangover. Alcohol promotes urination because it inhibits the release of vasopressin, a hormone that decreases the volume of urine made by the kidneys. If your hangover includes diarrhea, sweating, or vomiting, you may be even more dehydrated. Although nausea can make it difficult to get anything down, even just a few sips of water might help your hangover.

Hangovers

“I’d also recommend avoiding strong smells that may trigger nausea, eating slowly and opting for room temperature or colder foods.” “Rather, it may have been due to the water you drank, the food you ate before drinking or even the type of alcohol you had,” Beaver says. “The first thing to realize is that alcohol and acetaminophen, in combination, can be harmful to your liver,” says Beaver. While the bitters do their work, the soda water will hydrate you. For extra credit, a squeeze of lemon or lime will add Vitamin C, a necessary vitamin for getting your sanity back. Not only does sleep put you out of your misery, but it also fast-tracks your body’s healing processes.

• The idea behind this myth is that more alcohol might be the cure to your current hangover.
• Alcohol boosts the production of gastric acid in your stomach and delays stomach emptying, which can irritate your digestive system.
• Typical symptoms include fatigue, weakness, thirst, headache, muscle aches, nausea, stomach pain, vertigo, sensitivity to light and sound, anxiety, irritability, sweating, and increased blood pressure.
• Like alcohol, it’s metabolized in the liver and, in rare instances, could have toxic effects if you take a high dose and there is enough alcohol lingering in your system.
• Hangovers are very common in people who consume too much alcohol.
• Darker alcoholic drinks, like bourbon, rum, whiskey and red wine, can cause worse hangovers.

That may explain the dizziness and shaking some people get with a hangover. Have a couple of slices of wheat toast or a few whole-grain crackers to bring those blood sugar levels back up to normal. Strategies include staying hydrated, getting plenty of sleep, eating a good breakfast, drinking in moderation, limiting high congener drinks, and taking certain supplements or medications. Additionally, keep in mind that pain relievers containing acetaminophen, such as Tylenol, could increase the risk of liver damage when combined with alcohol. Some supplements, including red ginseng, prickly pear, ginger, borage oil, and eleuthero, have been studied for their ability to decrease hangover symptoms.

Statins vs. supplements: A reckoning

“A sprinkle of salt on either can replenish electrolytes if someone has vomited,” Kennedy adds. Your night will be made or broken by your eating habits before you start drinking. The best way to avoid a hangover is to eat a balanced meal before you start. Be intentional about getting the right nutrients into your body, and it’ll be smooth sailing.

Eggs contain amino acids like cysteine, which can help clear acetaldehyde from your system, according to a 2018 article in the Journal of Chemistry. Find other hangover food recommendations from a registered dietitian. Mix all of these physical responses and realities together and the result is a hangover, which can make you uncomfortable for a few hours or — in some worst-case scenarios — upend an entire day. Drinking alcohol can lead to dehydration in a few different ways.

Try Ginger to Ease Nausea

Glutathione helps your body process alcohol, and after a night of drinking, it tends to be depleted. Add some vitamin C to your body to give yourself the boost you need to make it through your day. Feeding a hangover helps restore normal blood sugar levels and ease nausea, weakness, and fatigue. Most importantly, food makes you poop, and once you poop out those toxins, you’re on your way to feeling better. One study tested out a red ginseng hangover remedy against plain water in 25 men who’d had a glass of whiskey.

If you’ve got Pedialyte in the fridge, it’s perfect for those nights when you overdo it. This rehydration solution isn’t just for kids anymore. One bottle has twice the sodium and five times as much potassium as the same size bottle of Gatorade. There isn’t any research that this will kick your hangover to the curb, but in theory, it should help. Though you might have knocked off the second your head hit the pillow after a night of drinking, any sleep you did get wasn’t sound.

What is a hangover?

The notion is that hangovers are a form of alcohol withdrawal, so a drink or two will ease the withdrawal. The first order of business when you wake up feeling like something your dog hacked up is to hydrate, hydrate, hydrate. Not only are you dehydrated, but you probably need a shot of electrolytes, which help get — and keep — you hydrated and balance your pH levels. At Mobile IV Medics, we save you the trouble of going to the ER and spending hours in the waiting room by coming directly to your hotel room, home, or office to give you IV treatment.

“People are saying, ‘Even if I’m going to have a glass or two of wine, I don’t want to feel the effect at all,’” she said. Drinking too much alcohol also dilutes the electrolytes in your blood. These electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, are essential in regulating fluids in the body and for many basic bodily functions. Therefore, low electrolyte levels are a major contributor to hangover symptoms such as nausea, the shakes, and fatigue. Bananas are a good source of potassium, an important electrolyte that can get depleted after drinking. Low electrolyte levels can contribute to hangover symptoms like fatigue, headache, nausea, muscle cramps, and low energy.

Coffee and other caffeinated drinks act as stimulants, which may improve the feelings of fatigue that come with a hangover. There is no current research to say that particular foods, such as greasy or fried breakfasts, are more effective than others. Many people believe that carbohydrates are particularly effective for “soaking https://ecosoberhouse.com/article/5-reasons-sobriety-tattoos-are-a-terrible-idea/ up” alcohol, though research has not looked into this. While there is little direct research into how effective over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are for people with a hangover, certain medicines may help tackle the symptoms, as discussed below. And while we’re talking about misconceptions, skip the ‘hair of the dog’ too.

• But waking up the following morning isn’t quite as fun as the night before.
• Also, the ability to perform important tasks, such as driving, operating machinery, or caring for others can be negatively affected.
• The caffeine-packed boost offered by coffee is pretty legendary — but it’s not going to undo a night of knocking back beer or booze.
• Dr. Roberts looked at compounds, such as tolfenamic acid, Korean pear juice and a vitamin B6 analog called pyritinol, available in products and rumored to alleviate hangover symptoms.

If you are at risk, you will likely need to be under medical care while you stop drinking. Discuss this with your provider or alcohol counselor. Many people with drinking problems cannot tell when their drinking is out of control. You likely have a drinking problem when your body depends on alcohol to function and your drinking is causing problems with your health, social life, family, or job.

• When you slowly taper your alcohol intake over time instead of quitting cold turkey, you reduce the likelihood of withdrawal symptoms.
• Make meetings a priority – Join a recovery support group, such as Alcoholics Anonymous , and attend meetings regularly.
• Addiction experts have not conducted many studies on alcohol tapering.
• When you drink a lot over a long period, your brainreducesthe amount of GABA it makes.

Your anxiety will decrease, your skin will look better and you may lose weight. Alcohol addiction is more than just a physical problem, and it often has psychological roots in family history or past trauma. Dr. Prylinski recommends people in recovery seek ongoing support, which may include counseling, medications and support groups like Alcoholics Anonymous. Inmedical detox, doctors and nurses provide around-the-clock care while helping you wean off alcohol. Addiction experts have not conducted many studies on alcohol tapering.

Graduate School of Addiction Studies

Ria Health offers treatment for alcohol addiction via telemedicine. Our program includes medication for alcohol cravings, recovery coaching, online support groups, medical consultation, and digital tools to track your progress. The whole process is flexible, and can be conducted how to stop drinking from the comfort of home. If you’re ready to change your relationship with alcohol, get in touch with us today, or learn more about how it works. Depending on what your alcohol habit was like, you may experience fewer or more withdrawal symptoms as you cut back.

• A person who drinks more alcohol will probably have a longer taper than a person who drinks less alcohol.
• The first step is often to consult your primary care doctor or GP.
• He is the medical director at Alcohol Recovery Medicine.
• Remind yourself how far you’ve come, and give yourself the credit you deserve.

My memory is not as good as it was before drinking.______5. I get anxious and sometimes preoccupied about drinking.______6. When I am not drinking I think about and look forward to when I can drink.______7. I don’t seem to care as much about things I used to.______8. My goals have changed since I have been drinking or it is hard to set new goals.______9.

Understanding Your Condition

Quitting with proper medical supervision may be more important than whether you stop gradually or all at once. The best way to quit alcohol while avoiding unpleasant withdrawal symptoms is to ask for help. If you have decided that it is in your best interest to stop drinking, one option is to seek help from a family doctor or primary healthcare provider. Treatment for alcohol addiction is a long process and involves more than simply stopping drinking.

It might also be worth checking out a 12-step program in your area, like Alcoholics Anonymous or SMART Recovery, to see if it feels like something that might be useful for you. Quitting https://ecosoberhouse.com/ alcohol on your own is harder for some than others, but there’s no need to go it alone. When you feel sad but need alone time, you might consider a favorite album or comforting book.

Preventing ovarian cancer: Should women consider removing fallopian tubes?

By weaning yourself from drinking, you give your brain the chance to adjust the amount of GABA it produces. Get treatment for other medical or mental health issues. People often abuse alcohol to ease the symptoms of an undiagnosed mental health problem, such as depression or anxiety. As you seek help for alcohol addiction, it’s also important to get treatment for any other psychological issues you’re experiencing. Your best chance of recovery is by getting combined mental health and addiction treatment from the same treatment provider or team.

Maybe you had fun but now for four days after you feel crap physically and mentally. If the fun wasn’t worth it, maybe that’s a sign to start to wind things down, adjust the way you party or the frequency. Find that happy place for you where you’re respecting yourself and how you want to feel most of the time. It keeps us stuck in the black-and-white, all-or-nothing cycle of diet and binge. First off, let’s assume that you feel that the weekend was really fun and totally worth it. Yes, there may be some downsides to having a big party weekend, but if the memories and experiences were great, then cool.

• MIR is a set of evidence-based skills designed to help people fully integrate their tools of recovery in ways that are personalized, practical, and in alignment with their deepest values.
• Pressing pause on alcohol allowed her to feel most clear and energised while she moved through this journey.
• In 2001, a Scottish study had test subjects visit their lab on three separate occasions.
• Still, understanding these factors from a scientific standpoint is much different from living with them.

You may find yourself gorging on fatty and greasy foods while drunk or attempting to remedy a hangover with heavy carbohydrate-dense foods. While alcohol by itself can lead to weight gain due to its high calorie and sugar content, the addition of binge-eating sessions may also contribute to negative physical and emotional changes in people with alcohol use disorder. Binge-eating can lead to an unhealthy relationship with food, adding to the self-destructive behavior that often accompanies heavy alcohol use.

A Dangerous Trio: Skipping Dinner, Binge Drinking and Overeating

Treatment providers are available 24/7 to answer your questions about rehab, whether it’s for you or a loved one. Submit your number and receive a free call today from a treatment provider. I help women stop feeling out of control with food and find body neutrality. Intuitive Eating Counselor and Somatic Experiencing Practitioner IT with anti diet culture content. I’m often asked this question – should I stop drinking alcohol while healing my food relationship? Alcohol can clearly affect how you eat, even if it’s not the root of the issue.

In men, the rMZ was greater than the rDZ, again suggesting that genetic influences were contributing to the covariance between AD-FS and binge eating. In addition, the rDZO was similar to the rDZ for men and women, indicating that there was little evidence for sex differences in genetic effects. However, the 95% CIs were wide (some included zero), suggesting that the true values could be smaller or larger than reported here. Measurement error is included in the nonshared environmental influence estimate. In addition, we examined the additive genetic (rg), shared environmental (rc), and nonshared environmental (re) correlations between AD-FS and bulimia symptoms. Those engaging in reduced eating and increased drinking may also be at risk for binge drinking, which is usually classified as four or more drinks in two hours for women or five or more drinks in two hours for men.

American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

This theory goes something like this we have built inside of us this forbidden fruit syndrome. When we restrict something in our lives and women often restrict food for all sorts of social reasons and body image reasons and https://soberhome.net/ self-hatred reasons, et cetera. Then we are much more prone to overindulge later because willpower only last so long. And ultimately when we feel restricted, restricted, restricted than we feel like we need that indulgence.

Lower AIC values indicated better-fitting and more parsimonious models. Binging substances of any type can lead to neurological changes and chemical dependency in the brain. Once these adaptations take place, the connections between what causes the behavior and the behavior itself become murkier and more enmeshed. Binging episodes are short and intense, often involving extreme behaviors and frequently characterized by the loss of a sense of control. As an activist, I find research is an inspiration for a lot of my writing, and is important to share to show trends of research, treatment, prevention and to help create conversations on topics that need more awareness. When I saw the article called “Heavy Drinkers Have Poor Dietary Habits,” my first gut response was a resounding DUH.

Is it right to view binge eating as an addiction?

Furthermore, there are no data on the long-term efficacy of binge eating treatments based on the 12-step approach. On the other hand, the findings of CBT-ED are supported by several well-designed clinical studies. The theory of binge eating as addiction is supported by both the similarities between eco sober house complaints binge eating and alcohol and drug abuse and neurobiological findings. One may start out with a single episode of drunkorexia, skipping a meal in order to drink a lot later that night. But this behavior can easily become a slippery slope to developing an eating disorder or an alcohol use disorder.

You need to have patience with yourself, focus on the future, face you fears and struggles and be honest. “Your body requires an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase to metabolize alcohol,” says Dr. Pouya Bahrami, internal medicine specialist with HealthCare Partners in Torrance, Calif. If you overwhelm your system with excess alcohol this enzyme can’t keep up, and not all the alcohol is broken down, so it lingers longer. This combined with dehydration causes headaches and other hangover symptoms. Mantell recommends visiting a cognitive behavioral therapist to figure out if your binges are a standalone problem or if they’re caused by something else, like depression or a mood disorder. No matter why (or how) someone binges, there are plenty of treatment options available for those who seek help.

Health Consequences

Among women, there were also independent additive genetic and nonshared environmental effects for compensatory behaviors, as well as common influences between AD-FS and compensatory behaviors. It will be necessary for future research to elucidate the sources of common genetic and environmental influences so that they can be targets for prevention and intervention. Furthermore, the former, but not latter, study also found overlapping non-shared environmental influences (i.e., environmental effects that contribute to differences among members of the same family).

Recent research has taken a closer look at the connection between alcohol consumption and eating habits and confirmed that some interesting neurological events may be occurring to prompt this behavior. Additionally, mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression are likely to occur alongside both substance abuse and eating disorders. Second, rates of alcohol dependence are higher in this sample of Australian adults compared with estimates from the United States (Teesson et al., 2000, 2006). Further, because we examined lifetime assessments of alcohol dependence criteria, the older age of the individuals means that a larger proportion of the sample would be expected to be through the age of risk compared with younger samples. Still, the heritability estimates and genetic correlations are quite similar to those that were previously reported in studies of U.S. and Australian samples (Heath et al., 1997; McGue, 1999; Slane et al., 2012; Thornton et al., 2011).